美國CPA《財務(wù)會計與報告》知識點：公允價值計量

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　　Fair Value Measurement

　　Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset OR paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants in the principal （or most advantageous） market at the measurement date under current market conditions.

　　In GAAP，F(xiàn)V is exit price.In IFRS，F(xiàn)V is entry or exit price.

　　The principal market is the market with the greatest volume or level of activity for the asset or liability.

　　If the principal market do not exist，then use the most advantageous market.

　　The most advantageous market is the market with the best price for the asset or liability，after considering transaction costs.

　　Both FV of principal market and most advantageous market，do NOT deduct transaction cost.（F10-4 Illustration）

　　公允價值退出值，從來不扣中介費。

　　多個市場選主場，若無主場選至優(yōu)。

　　優(yōu)選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)凈到手，必須扣除中介費。

　　一旦確定主優(yōu)場，中介費用不再扣。

　　FV valuation techniques

　　Market Approach uses prices and other relevant information from market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities to measure fair value.

　　FV valuation techniques

　　Income approach use the present value of future cash flows.

　　Cost approach uses current replacement cost to measure the fair value of assets.

　　Criteria for choosing valuation techniques are maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.

　　A change in valuation technique is a change in accounting estimation，which is accounted for prospective adjustment.

　　Hierarchy of inputs

　　From Level 1 to 3，from observable to unobservable，from favorable to unfavorable.

　　Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has access to on the measurement date.

　　Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted market price（level 1）that are directly or indirectly observable for the asset or liability. E.g. Quoted price for similar assets in active market.Or Quoted prices for identical or similar assets in non-active market.

　　Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. It reflect management‘s assumptions.

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